Bio1152 Chapter 49 Sensory and Motor Mechanisms
  1. A sensory receptor converts stimulus energy into a           potential, or a change in the membrane potential, to the CNS.
    •                   sense           stimuli such as pressure, stretch, motion, and sound.
       
       
    •                 detect solutes in a solution or specific molecules such as             .
       
       
    •                  receptors detect electromagnetic radiation including           light and            .
     
     
  2. In the human ear,                   detect settling particles or moving fluid, which are perceived as sound in the           lobe of the cerebrum. The          ,          , and               canals in the        ear function in balance and equilibrium.
     
     
  3. Chemoreceptor cells for            (taste) are modified epithelial cells organized into taste       in the tongue; nerve signals are then sent to the           lobe. Humans can detect five tastes:        ,       ,        ,         , and        (elicited by glutamate). Much of what humans taste is really        
     
     
  4. Chemoreceptor cells for            (smell) line the upper, mucus portion of the nasal cavity;         potentials are transmitted to neurons in the            bulb, and relayed to the           lobe.
     
     
  5. Vertebrates eyes focus light by changing the shape of the       . The human retina contains two types of                 in the retina:       are sensitive to dim light, while        can distinguish colors.
     
     
  6. Signals from rods and cones travel from          cells to           cells, whose axons form the optic        and transmit the signal to the brain.
     
     
    Review: Vertebrate eye
     
     
  7. Humans have an endoskeleton consisting of an        skeleton and an               skeleton, which are connected at         by            , and to muscles at          .
     
     
    Review: Human Axial Skeleton
     
     
  8. Skeletal muscles are attached to the skeleton in               pairs and consist of bundles of         made of smaller myofibrils, which are composed of overlapping        and         filaments formiog repeating            units.
     
     
    Review: Skeletal Muscle Structure
     
     
  9. Muscle              occurs when the filaments slide past each other: the "head" of a         molecule binds to an        filament, forming a cross-bridge and pulling the thin filament toward the center of the            .
     
     
    Review: Muscle Contraction
Bio1152 Chapter 50 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
  1. Ecology is the study of the interactions between            and the environment, including both          (nonliving) and         (living) components.
     
     
  2. Biotic factors such as            ,              , and other interactions among species can affect the distribution of organisms.
     
     
  3.          factors that affect the distribution of organisms include sunlight,              , wind, water, and soil.
  4.          is a major influence on the distribution of organisms. The angle of the sun changes due to the       of the Earth, leading to           climate changes every year.
     
     
  5. Large bodies of water have a             effect on the climate of nearby terrestrial environments. Lakes experience seasonal           in temperate regions.
     
     
  6. Mountains can block             winds and cast a rain         on the          side. The biotic and abiotic factors determine the nature of broad associations, called         .
     
     
  7.          biomes are divided into             and         biomes based on           , and stratified into         by light penetration, temperature, and depth. Review: Aquatic Biomes
     
     
  8.              biomes are largely determined by the          and the types of vegetation adapted to the              and                of an area. Review: Terrestrial Biomes