Chapter
36
Animations
Study Guide
Unit 6: Plant Form and Function
Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants
Review
One adaptation of terrestrial plants is the
system
which allow some to grow to great heights.
The selective
of a plant cell's
membrane regulates the movement of
into and out of the cell, mediated by
transport
proteins.
Proton
create a hydrogen ion
, setting up a membrane
that can be harnessed to
transport
solutes by
or
.
In the aquatic environment of a cell, the effects
of
give rise to
potential
that affect plant
growth
and transport.
Intercellular
transport
involves 3 pathways:
,
, and
.
Water and minerals are absorbed through the
of root tips, where
root
mycorrhizae
increase the surface area.
Photosynthesis results in
, the loss of water vapor through
of leaves. The diameter of the
stoma
is controlled by
cells.
Transpirational
pull
in the
together with
pressure
produce a pressure differential that draws water from the
into the leaf in a process called
flow.
Sugar is loaded into
elements by
and
pathways.
Sugar loading
water potential and induces water intake at the
source,
initiating a
flow of sap toward the
sink.
Review:
Transport of Xylem Sap.
Review:
Translocation of Phloem Sap.
Chapter
37
Animations
Study Guide
Unit 6: Plant Form and Function
Soil and Plant Nutrition
Review
Plants obtain the
nutrients of water, minerals, and carbon dioxide from the
environment.
Nine of the essential
elements
are called
since they are required in relatively large amounts.
Lack of some
minerals
can lead to abnormal
growth,
which can be monitored by
plants.
Soil is composed of weathered
of various sizes, along with decaying organic material called
, arranged in vertical
layers
called
.
Soil minerals are made available to plants by
exchange
and can be depleted by
precipitation.
Nitrogen-
Rhizobium
bacteria,
in symbiosis with
plants, convert inorganic N
2
in the atmosphere to nitrogenous minerals such as
and
that plants can
absorb.
Most plants also form
, a symbiotic association of fungi and roots which can be two types.
In
, the mycelium of the fungus forms a dense sheath over the
surface
of the root.
In
, fungal hyphae extend
into
the root, forming
.
Unusual nutritional adaptations in plants include:
grow on another plant or other support, absorbing water and minerals from
rain.
plants absorb sugars and minerals from their living
hosts.
Many species have roots that function as
, nutrient-absorbing projections that enter the host plant.
plants are photosynthetic but obtain some
and other minerals by
digesting
small animals.
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